Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Lipid Virulence Factors Preserved in the 17,000-Year-Old Skeleton of an Extinct Bison, Bison antiquus
Identifieur interne : 000479 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000478; suivant : 000480Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Lipid Virulence Factors Preserved in the 17,000-Year-Old Skeleton of an Extinct Bison, Bison antiquus
Auteurs : Oona Y-C. Lee [Royaume-Uni] ; Houdini H. T. Wu [Royaume-Uni] ; Helen D. Donoghue [Royaume-Uni] ; Mark Spigelman [Royaume-Uni, Israël] ; Charles L. Greenblatt [Israël] ; Ian D. Bull [Royaume-Uni] ; Bruce M. Rothschild (médecin) [États-Unis] ; Larry D. Martin [États-Unis] ; David E. Minnikin [Royaume-Uni] ; Gurdyal S. Besra [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Tracing the evolution of ancient diseases depends on the availability and accessibility of suitable biomarkers in archaeological specimens. DNA is potentially information-rich but it depends on a favourable environment for preservation. In the case of the major mycobacterial pathogens,
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041923
PubMed: 22860031
PubMed Central: 3408397
Affiliations:
- Israël, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Grand Londres, Kansas, Midlands de l'Ouest, Ohio
- Birmingham, Lawrence (Kansas), Londres
- University College de Londres, Université de Birmingham, Université du Kansas
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000361
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000361
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000166
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 000C04
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 000C04
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 000C04
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 000480
- to stream Main, to step Curation: 000479
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en"><italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic>
Complex Lipid Virulence Factors Preserved in the 17,000-Year-Old Skeleton of an Extinct Bison, <italic>Bison antiquus</italic>
</title>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Oona Y C" sort="Lee, Oona Y C" uniqKey="Lee O" first="Oona Y-C." last="Lee">Oona Y-C. Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, Houdini H T" sort="Wu, Houdini H T" uniqKey="Wu H" first="Houdini H. T." last="Wu">Houdini H. T. Wu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donoghue, Helen D" sort="Donoghue, Helen D" uniqKey="Donoghue H" first="Helen D." last="Donoghue">Helen D. Donoghue</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Centre for Clinical Microbiology (M9), Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Microbiology (M9), Royal Free Campus, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spigelman, Mark" sort="Spigelman, Mark" uniqKey="Spigelman M" first="Mark" last="Spigelman">Mark Spigelman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Centre for Clinical Microbiology (M9), Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Microbiology (M9), Royal Free Campus, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Ancient DNA, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Ancient DNA, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Greenblatt, Charles L" sort="Greenblatt, Charles L" uniqKey="Greenblatt C" first="Charles L." last="Greenblatt">Charles L. Greenblatt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Ancient DNA, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Ancient DNA, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bull, Ian D" sort="Bull, Ian D" uniqKey="Bull I" first="Ian D." last="Bull">Ian D. Bull</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bristol</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rothschild, Bruce M" sort="Rothschild, Bruce M" uniqKey="Rothschild B" first="Bruce M." last="Rothschild">Bruce M. Rothschild (médecin)</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Lawrence (Kansas)</settlement>
<region type="state">Kansas</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Kansas</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Kansas</region>
<settlement type="city">Lawrence (Kansas)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Kansas</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Lawrence (Kansas)</settlement>
<region type="state">Kansas</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Kansas</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Larry D" sort="Martin, Larry D" uniqKey="Martin L" first="Larry D." last="Martin">Larry D. Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Kansas</region>
<settlement type="city">Lawrence (Kansas)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Kansas</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Minnikin, David E" sort="Minnikin, David E" uniqKey="Minnikin D" first="David E." last="Minnikin">David E. Minnikin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Besra, Gurdyal S" sort="Besra, Gurdyal S" uniqKey="Besra G" first="Gurdyal S." last="Besra">Gurdyal S. Besra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">22860031</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3408397</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408397</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3408397</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0041923</idno>
<date when="2012">2012</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000361</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000361</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000361</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000361</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000166</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000166</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000C04</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000C04</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000C04</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000480</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000479</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000479</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main"><italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic>
Complex Lipid Virulence Factors Preserved in the 17,000-Year-Old Skeleton of an Extinct Bison, <italic>Bison antiquus</italic>
</title>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Oona Y C" sort="Lee, Oona Y C" uniqKey="Lee O" first="Oona Y-C." last="Lee">Oona Y-C. Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, Houdini H T" sort="Wu, Houdini H T" uniqKey="Wu H" first="Houdini H. T." last="Wu">Houdini H. T. Wu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donoghue, Helen D" sort="Donoghue, Helen D" uniqKey="Donoghue H" first="Helen D." last="Donoghue">Helen D. Donoghue</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Centre for Clinical Microbiology (M9), Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Microbiology (M9), Royal Free Campus, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spigelman, Mark" sort="Spigelman, Mark" uniqKey="Spigelman M" first="Mark" last="Spigelman">Mark Spigelman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Centre for Clinical Microbiology (M9), Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Microbiology (M9), Royal Free Campus, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Ancient DNA, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Ancient DNA, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Greenblatt, Charles L" sort="Greenblatt, Charles L" uniqKey="Greenblatt C" first="Charles L." last="Greenblatt">Charles L. Greenblatt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Ancient DNA, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Ancient DNA, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bull, Ian D" sort="Bull, Ian D" uniqKey="Bull I" first="Ian D." last="Bull">Ian D. Bull</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bristol</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rothschild, Bruce M" sort="Rothschild, Bruce M" uniqKey="Rothschild B" first="Bruce M." last="Rothschild">Bruce M. Rothschild (médecin)</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Lawrence (Kansas)</settlement>
<region type="state">Kansas</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Kansas</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Kansas</region>
<settlement type="city">Lawrence (Kansas)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Kansas</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Lawrence (Kansas)</settlement>
<region type="state">Kansas</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university" n="3">Université du Kansas</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Larry D" sort="Martin, Larry D" uniqKey="Martin L" first="Larry D." last="Martin">Larry D. Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Kansas</region>
<settlement type="city">Lawrence (Kansas)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Kansas</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Minnikin, David E" sort="Minnikin, David E" uniqKey="Minnikin D" first="David E." last="Minnikin">David E. Minnikin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Besra, Gurdyal S" sort="Besra, Gurdyal S" uniqKey="Besra G" first="Gurdyal S." last="Besra">Gurdyal S. Besra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint><date when="2012">2012</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Tracing the evolution of ancient diseases depends on the availability and accessibility of suitable biomarkers in archaeological specimens. DNA is potentially information-rich but it depends on a favourable environment for preservation. In the case of the major mycobacterial pathogens, <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic>
and <italic>Mycobacterium leprae</italic>
, robust lipid biomarkers are established as alternatives or complements to DNA analyses. A DNA report, a decade ago, suggested that a 17,000-year-old skeleton of extinct <italic>Bison antiquus</italic>
, from Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming, was the oldest known case of tuberculosis. In the current study, key mycobacterial lipid virulence factor biomarkers were detected in the same two samples from this bison. Fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated the presence of mycolic acids of the mycobacterial type, but they were degraded and could not be precisely correlated with tuberculosis. However, pristine profiles of C<sub>29</sub>
, C<sub>30</sub>
and C<sub>32</sub>
mycocerosates and C<sub>27</sub>
mycolipenates, typical of the <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic>
complex, were recorded by negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrometry of pentafluorobenzyl ester derivatives. These findings were supported by the detection of C<sub>34</sub>
and C<sub>36</sub>
phthiocerols, which are usually esterified to the mycocerosates. The existence of Pleistocene tuberculosis in the Americas is confirmed and there are many even older animal bones with well-characterised tuberculous lesions similar to those on the analysed sample. In the absence of any evidence of tuberculosis in human skeletons older than 9,000 years BP, the hypothesis that this disease evolved as a zoonosis, before transfer to humans, is given detailed consideration and discussion.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Machowiak, Pa" uniqKey="Machowiak P">PA Machowiak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blos, Vt" uniqKey="Blos V">VT Blos</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aguilar, M" uniqKey="Aguilar M">M Aguilar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buikstra, Je" uniqKey="Buikstra J">JE Buikstra</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rothschild, Bm" uniqKey="Rothschild B">BM Rothschild</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Ld" uniqKey="Martin L">LD Martin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rothschild, Bm" uniqKey="Rothschild B">BM Rothschild</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laub, R" uniqKey="Laub R">R Laub</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martin, Ld" uniqKey="Martin L">LD Martin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rothschild, Bm" uniqKey="Rothschild B">BM Rothschild</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rothschild, Bm" uniqKey="Rothschild B">BM Rothschild</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Ld" uniqKey="Martin L">LD Martin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rothschild, Bm" uniqKey="Rothschild B">BM Rothschild</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Ld" uniqKey="Martin L">LD Martin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lev, G" uniqKey="Lev G">G Lev</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bercovier, H" uniqKey="Bercovier H">H Bercovier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bar Gal, Gk" uniqKey="Bar Gal G">GK Bar-Gal</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tran, T N N" uniqKey="Tran T">T-N-N Tran</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aboudharam, G" uniqKey="Aboudharam G">G Aboudharam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raoult, D" uniqKey="Raoult D">D Raoult</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drancourt, M" uniqKey="Drancourt M">M Drancourt</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Minnikin, De" uniqKey="Minnikin D">DE Minnikin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kremer, L" uniqKey="Kremer L">L Kremer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dover, Lg" uniqKey="Dover L">LG Dover</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Besra, Gs" uniqKey="Besra G">GS Besra</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hershkovitz, I" uniqKey="Hershkovitz I">I Hershkovitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donoghue, Hd" uniqKey="Donoghue H">HD Donoghue</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Minnikin, De" uniqKey="Minnikin D">DE Minnikin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Besra, Gs" uniqKey="Besra G">GS Besra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Oy C" uniqKey="Lee O">OY-C Lee</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Redman, Je" uniqKey="Redman J">JE Redman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shaw, Mj" uniqKey="Shaw M">MJ Shaw</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mallet, Ai" uniqKey="Mallet A">AI Mallet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Santos, Al" uniqKey="Santos A">AL Santos</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roberts, Ca" uniqKey="Roberts C">CA Roberts</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Minnikin, De" uniqKey="Minnikin D">DE Minnikin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dobson, G" uniqKey="Dobson G">G Dobson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goodfellow, M" uniqKey="Goodfellow M">M Goodfellow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Magnusson, M" uniqKey="Magnusson M">M Magnusson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ridell, M" uniqKey="Ridell M">M Ridell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Minnikin, De" uniqKey="Minnikin D">DE Minnikin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dobson, G" uniqKey="Dobson G">G Dobson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hutchinson, Ig" uniqKey="Hutchinson I">IG Hutchinson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Minnikin, De" uniqKey="Minnikin D">DE Minnikin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dobson, G" uniqKey="Dobson G">G Dobson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sesardic, D" uniqKey="Sesardic D">D Sesardic</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ridell, M" uniqKey="Ridell M">M Ridell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Daffe, M" uniqKey="Daffe M">M Daffé</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lacave, C" uniqKey="Lacave C">C Lacave</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laneelle, M A" uniqKey="Laneelle M">M-A Lanéelle</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gillois, M" uniqKey="Gillois M">M Gillois</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laneelle, G" uniqKey="Laneelle G">G Lanéelle</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Besra, Gs" uniqKey="Besra G">GS Besra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bolton, Rc" uniqKey="Bolton R">RC Bolton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcneil, Mr" uniqKey="Mcneil M">MR McNeil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ridell, M" uniqKey="Ridell M">M Ridell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simpson, Ke" uniqKey="Simpson K">KE Simpson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Onwueme, Kc" uniqKey="Onwueme K">KC Onwueme</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vos, Cj" uniqKey="Vos C">CJ Vos</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zurita, J" uniqKey="Zurita J">J Zurita</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferreras, Ja" uniqKey="Ferreras J">JA Ferreras</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quadri, Len" uniqKey="Quadri L">LEN Quadri</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jackson, M" uniqKey="Jackson M">M Jackson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stadhagen, G" uniqKey="Stadhagen G">G Stadhagen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gicquel, B" uniqKey="Gicquel B">B Gicquel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Neyrolles, O" uniqKey="Neyrolles O">O Neyrolles</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guilhot, C" uniqKey="Guilhot C">C Guilhot</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Korf, J" uniqKey="Korf J">J Korf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stoltz, A" uniqKey="Stoltz A">A Stoltz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Verschoor, J" uniqKey="Verschoor J">J Verschoor</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Baetselier, P" uniqKey="De Baetselier P">P De Baetselier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grooten, J" uniqKey="Grooten J">J Grooten</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peyron, P" uniqKey="Peyron P">P Peyron</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vaubourgeix, J" uniqKey="Vaubourgeix J">J Vaubourgeix</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Poquet, Y" uniqKey="Poquet Y">Y Poquet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levillain, F" uniqKey="Levillain F">F Levillain</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Botanch, C" uniqKey="Botanch C">C Botanch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Domenech, P" uniqKey="Domenech P">P Domenech</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reed, Mb" uniqKey="Reed M">MB Reed</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Astarie Dequeker, C" uniqKey="Astarie Dequeker C">C Astarie-Dequeker</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Le Guyader, L" uniqKey="Le Guyader L">L Le Guyader</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Malaga, W" uniqKey="Malaga W">W Malaga</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seaphanh, F K" uniqKey="Seaphanh F">F-K Seaphanh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chalut, C" uniqKey="Chalut C">C Chalut</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mostowy, S" uniqKey="Mostowy S">S Mostowy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cousins, D" uniqKey="Cousins D">D Cousins</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brinkman, J" uniqKey="Brinkman J">J Brinkman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aranaz, A" uniqKey="Aranaz A">A Aranaz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Behr, Ma" uniqKey="Behr M">MA Behr</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brosch, R" uniqKey="Brosch R">R Brosch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gordon, Sv" uniqKey="Gordon S">SV Gordon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marmiesse, M" uniqKey="Marmiesse M">M Marmiesse</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brodin, P" uniqKey="Brodin P">P Brodin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchrieser, C" uniqKey="Buchrieser C">C Buchrieser</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, Mc" uniqKey="Gutierrez M">MC Gutierrez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brisse, S" uniqKey="Brisse S">S Brisse</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brosch, R" uniqKey="Brosch R">R Brosch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fabre, M" uniqKey="Fabre M">M Fabre</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Omais, B" uniqKey="Omais B">B Omaïs</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arnold, C" uniqKey="Arnold C">C Arnold</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thorne, N" uniqKey="Thorne N">N Thorne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Underwood, A" uniqKey="Underwood A">A Underwood</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baster, K" uniqKey="Baster K">K Baster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gharbia, S" uniqKey="Gharbia S">S Gharbia</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wirth, T" uniqKey="Wirth T">T Wirth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hildebrand, F" uniqKey="Hildebrand F">F Hildebrand</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allix Beguec, C" uniqKey="Allix Beguec C">C Allix-Béguec</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolbeling, F" uniqKey="Wolbeling F">F Wölbeling</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kubica, T" uniqKey="Kubica T">T Kubica</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hershberg, R" uniqKey="Hershberg R">R Hershberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lipatov, M" uniqKey="Lipatov M">M Lipatov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Small, Pm" uniqKey="Small P">PM Small</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sheffer, H" uniqKey="Sheffer H">H Sheffer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Niemann, S" uniqKey="Niemann S">S Niemann</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Nh" uniqKey="Smith N">NH Smith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hewinson, Rg" uniqKey="Hewinson R">RG Hewinson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kremer, K" uniqKey="Kremer K">K Kremer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brosch, R" uniqKey="Brosch R">R Brosch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gordon, Sv" uniqKey="Gordon S">SV Gordon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gordon, Sv" uniqKey="Gordon S">SV Gordon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bottai, D" uniqKey="Bottai D">D Bottai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simeone, R" uniqKey="Simeone R">R Simeone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stinear, Tp" uniqKey="Stinear T">TP Stinear</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brosch, R" uniqKey="Brosch R">R Brosch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Djelouadji, Z" uniqKey="Djelouadji Z">Z Djelouadji</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raoult, D" uniqKey="Raoult D">D Raoult</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drancourt, M" uniqKey="Drancourt M">M Drancourt</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, S" uniqKey="Gagneux S">S Gagneux</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sreevatsan, S" uniqKey="Sreevatsan S">S Sreevatsan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pan, X" uniqKey="Pan X">X Pan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stockbauer, Ke" uniqKey="Stockbauer K">KE Stockbauer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Connell, Nd" uniqKey="Connell N">ND Connell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kreiswirth, Bn" uniqKey="Kreiswirth B">BN Kreiswirth</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Nh" uniqKey="Smith N">NH Smith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gordon, Sv" uniqKey="Gordon S">SV Gordon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De La Rua Domenech, R" uniqKey="De La Rua Domenech R">R de la Rua-Domenech</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clifton Hadley, Rs" uniqKey="Clifton Hadley R">RS Clifton-Hadley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hewinson, Rg" uniqKey="Hewinson R">RG Hewinson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosas Magallanes, V" uniqKey="Rosas Magallanes V">V Rosas-Magallanes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deschavanne, P" uniqKey="Deschavanne P">P Deschavanne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quintana Murci, L" uniqKey="Quintana Murci L">L Quintana-Murci</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brosch, R" uniqKey="Brosch R">R Brosch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gicquel, B" uniqKey="Gicquel B">B Gicquel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Becq, J" uniqKey="Becq J">J Becq</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, Mc" uniqKey="Gutierrez M">MC Gutierrez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rosas Magallanes, V" uniqKey="Rosas Magallanes V">V Rosas-Magallanes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rauzier, J" uniqKey="Rauzier J">J Rauzier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gicquel, B" uniqKey="Gicquel B">B Gicquel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jang, J" uniqKey="Jang J">J Jang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Becq, J" uniqKey="Becq J">J Becq</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gicquel, B" uniqKey="Gicquel B">B Gicquel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deschavanne, P" uniqKey="Deschavanne P">P Deschavanne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Neyrolles, O" uniqKey="Neyrolles O">O Neyrolles</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Nh" uniqKey="Smith N">NH Smith</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fabre, M" uniqKey="Fabre M">M Fabre</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hauck, Y" uniqKey="Hauck Y">Y Hauck</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soler, C" uniqKey="Soler C">C Soler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koeck, J L" uniqKey="Koeck J">J-L Koeck</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Ingen, J" uniqKey="Van Ingen J">J van Ingen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koeck, J L" uniqKey="Koeck J">J-L Koeck</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fabre, M" uniqKey="Fabre M">M Fabre</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simon, F" uniqKey="Simon F">F Simon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Daffe, M" uniqKey="Daffe M">M Daffé</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garnotel, E" uniqKey="Garnotel E">E Garnotel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Klaus, Hd" uniqKey="Klaus H">HD Klaus</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilbur, Ak" uniqKey="Wilbur A">AK Wilbur</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Temple, Dh" uniqKey="Temple D">DH Temple</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buikstra, Je" uniqKey="Buikstra J">JE Buikstra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stone, Ac" uniqKey="Stone A">AC Stone</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kappelman, J" uniqKey="Kappelman J">J Kappelman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alcicek, Mc" uniqKey="Alcicek M">MC Alçiçek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kazanci, N" uniqKey="Kazanci N">N Kazanci</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schultz, M" uniqKey="Schultz M">M Schultz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ozkul, M" uniqKey="Ozkul M">M Özkul</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Ca" uniqKey="Roberts C">CA Roberts</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfister, L A" uniqKey="Pfister L">L-A Pfister</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mays, S" uniqKey="Mays S">S Mays</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Donoghue, Hd" uniqKey="Donoghue H">HD Donoghue</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Oy C" uniqKey="Lee O">OY-C Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Minnikin, De" uniqKey="Minnikin D">DE Minnikin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Besra, Gs" uniqKey="Besra G">GS Besra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, Jh" uniqKey="Taylor J">JH Taylor</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Gm" uniqKey="Taylor G">GM Taylor</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blau, S" uniqKey="Blau S">S Blau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mays, S" uniqKey="Mays S">S Mays</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monot, M" uniqKey="Monot M">M Monot</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Oy C" uniqKey="Lee O">OY-C Lee</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Israël</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Grand Londres</li>
<li>Kansas</li>
<li>Midlands de l'Ouest</li>
<li>Ohio</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Birmingham</li>
<li>Lawrence (Kansas)</li>
<li>Londres</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>University College de Londres</li>
<li>Université de Birmingham</li>
<li>Université du Kansas</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Lee, Oona Y C" sort="Lee, Oona Y C" uniqKey="Lee O" first="Oona Y-C." last="Lee">Oona Y-C. Lee</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Besra, Gurdyal S" sort="Besra, Gurdyal S" uniqKey="Besra G" first="Gurdyal S." last="Besra">Gurdyal S. Besra</name>
<name sortKey="Bull, Ian D" sort="Bull, Ian D" uniqKey="Bull I" first="Ian D." last="Bull">Ian D. Bull</name>
<name sortKey="Donoghue, Helen D" sort="Donoghue, Helen D" uniqKey="Donoghue H" first="Helen D." last="Donoghue">Helen D. Donoghue</name>
<name sortKey="Donoghue, Helen D" sort="Donoghue, Helen D" uniqKey="Donoghue H" first="Helen D." last="Donoghue">Helen D. Donoghue</name>
<name sortKey="Minnikin, David E" sort="Minnikin, David E" uniqKey="Minnikin D" first="David E." last="Minnikin">David E. Minnikin</name>
<name sortKey="Spigelman, Mark" sort="Spigelman, Mark" uniqKey="Spigelman M" first="Mark" last="Spigelman">Mark Spigelman</name>
<name sortKey="Wu, Houdini H T" sort="Wu, Houdini H T" uniqKey="Wu H" first="Houdini H. T." last="Wu">Houdini H. T. Wu</name>
</country>
<country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Spigelman, Mark" sort="Spigelman, Mark" uniqKey="Spigelman M" first="Mark" last="Spigelman">Mark Spigelman</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Greenblatt, Charles L" sort="Greenblatt, Charles L" uniqKey="Greenblatt C" first="Charles L." last="Greenblatt">Charles L. Greenblatt</name>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis"><region name="Ohio"><name sortKey="Rothschild, Bruce M" sort="Rothschild, Bruce M" uniqKey="Rothschild B" first="Bruce M." last="Rothschild">Bruce M. Rothschild (médecin)</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Martin, Larry D" sort="Martin, Larry D" uniqKey="Martin L" first="Larry D." last="Martin">Larry D. Martin</name>
<name sortKey="Rothschild, Bruce M" sort="Rothschild, Bruce M" uniqKey="Rothschild B" first="Bruce M." last="Rothschild">Bruce M. Rothschild (médecin)</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Archeologie/explor/PaleopathV1/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000479 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 000479 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Wicri/Archeologie |area= PaleopathV1 |flux= Main |étape= Exploration |type= RBID |clé= PMC:3408397 |texte= Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Lipid Virulence Factors Preserved in the 17,000-Year-Old Skeleton of an Extinct Bison, Bison antiquus }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:22860031" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a PaleopathV1
This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.27. |